Sir, E‑, waste is the fastest growing waste in the solid waste stream. As per E‑, waste (MANAGEMENT and Handling) Rules, 2011, e‑, waste includes electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) (e. g., laptops, computers, mobile phones, TVs, DVD players, mp3 players, etc. ) either in whole or in part, which is discarded as waste by consumer or bulk consumer and the ones which are rejected by the processes such as manufacturing, refurbishment, and repair. Globally, about 50 million tons (MT) of e‑, waste are generated each year, with an average annual growth rate of 4–, 5%. India is the fifth largest producer of e‑, waste and the third largest in Asia. . .

The aim of this research was to study the capabilities of social media for crowdsourcing of earthquake HAZARDS MANAGEMENT. The capabilities were identified in the three stages of pre-earthquake stage, acute-earthquake stage (the first 24 hours), and post-earthquake stage. The research method was Delphi. The study populations were managers and experts in the field of crisis and social media, which 22 people from this community were chosen as sample. In the first phase of Delphi, interviews were conducted with experts. Then the interviews were analyzed and coded. In the second phase, a questionnaire based on the findings of the first phase was sent to the experts and their responses were analyzed. The process was repeated in the third and fourth phases. The experts reached a consensus on some of the capabilities of social media, which is characterized as follows: Pre-earthquake stage ("Seeking ideas and opinions", "Warning", "Rescue", "Monitoring the performance of managers" and "Training before the crisis"), Acute- earthquake stage ("Warning", "Rescue", "Documentation", "Public Participation stuff" and "Monitoring the performance of managers"), and Post-earthquake stage ("Rescue", "Monitoring the performance of managers", "Public Participation stuff", "Crisis map", "Estimated damage", "Shortages announcement", "The identification of the original inhabitants of the earthquake area", "Collecting information on the dead, missing, wounded, etc").

Nowadays, tunnel excavation plays a major role in the development of countries. Due to the complex and challenging ground conditions, a comprehensive study and analysis must be done before, during, and after the excavation of tunnels. Hence, the importance of study and evaluation of ground settlement is dramatically increased since many tunnel projects are performed in urban areas, where there are plenty of constructions, buildings, and facilities. For this reason, the control and prediction of ground settlement is one of the complicated topics in the field of risk engineering. Therefore, in this paper, the proportional hazard model (PHM) is used to analyze and study the ground settlement induced by Tabriz Metro Line 2 (TML2) tunneling. The PHM method is a semi-parametric regression method that can enter environmental conditions or factors affecting settlement probability. These influential factors are used as risk factors in the analysis. After establishing a database for a case study and using a proportional hazard model for surface settlement analysis, and then by evaluating the effect of environmental conditions on the ground surface settlement, it has been found that the risk factors of grouting pressure behind the segment, the ratio of tunnel depth to groundwater level, and drained cohesion strength at a significant level of 5% have a direct effect on the probability of settlement. The results also showed that the effect of grout injection pressure on ground subsidence is more than other parameters, and with increasing injection pressure, the probability of exceeding safe subsidence values decreases. In addition, it has been found that increasing the risk factor for the ratio of tunnel depth to groundwater level reduces the probability of exceeding the safe ground settlement. Finally, increasing the number of risk factors for drained cohesion strength increases the probability of exceeding safe settlement. 

The activities of people and societies have increased significantly over the past century and have had a great impact on the natural environment and the living environment of societies and on people collectively or individually. On the other hand, the effect of natural events on the activities of people and societies is increasing. Based on this, the nature of HAZARDS science is to measure the risk effect of these activities and events. The method of producing this article is empirical and historical analysis.It contains the well-known collection of testimonies and complaints of the natural and social environment. Of course, the amount that the authors did not remain unaware of. The question of this article is, what kind of HAZARDS have these activities and events caused, and based on those HAZARDS what types of HAZARDS science has? The answer to this question will cause HAZARDS scientists to be fundamentally and organized and increasingly and more actively engaged in solving and managing social, individual and natural environmental HAZARDS. On the other hand, the contribution of HAZARDS science to the understanding of HAZARDS will be developed. Also, other interested people from other fields of science, who have the opportunity to enter HAZARDS science, should be guided to the field of risk science typology.